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TOP 5 HEALTH LAWS AND POLICY UPDATES

Dear Reader, We are happy to share the most interesting legal and policy updates concerning health industry that we read today. We hope you enjoy reading it.

Indian government intends to create a new AI law to protect news publishers’ rights
The Indian government plans to introduce a new artificial intelligence (AI) law that will safeguard the rights of news publishers and content creators while also minimizing harm to users. The new law will reportedly also have provisions for sharing the ‘proceeds’ among news publishers, content creators and AI-enabled technologies.
Source: bit.ly/4aF3DmM

Decrees from civil courts may be legally binding on criminal court in the matter of sentences and damages
The Supreme Court of India has held that while the outcome of civil law proceedings would not command the results of criminal law proceedings, they would have a significant influence on the latter while considering sentences or damages in such proceedings. However, such influence will operate only to the extent of holding the sentences or damages arising out of criminal proceedings as unsustainable in law.
Source: bit.ly/4aHiUmX

FDI inflow in pharma sector declines for FY 2023-24
The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) equity inflow into the pharmaceutical sector has reportedly seen a decline of fifty percent (50%) in the first nine months of the Fiscal Year 2023-24 as compared to Fiscal Years 2022-23. The decline in FDI inflow during the FY 2023-24 comes after a significant growth of 45% reported for the 12 months ending in March, 2023.
Source: bit.ly/4aFlQ3F

DTAB plans to mandate free medicine from pharma companies as part of CSR
The Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) plans to amend the Drugs Rules, 1945 to include a requirement for pharmaceutical companies to donate at least one percent (1%) of their net profits to the distribution of free medications in medicine banks which will then be used by the Central and State governments at times of illness, calamity, or any other situation, as per necessity. A comparable amendment was proposed by DTAB in 2018 as well, however, it was only voluntarily implemented during that year. DTAB is a committee constituted by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) entrusted to make policy decisions and send recommendations to the government of India in relation to technical aspects of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules. 
Source: bit.ly/3J4K8sb

Government introduces Ayushman Bharat Health Accounts to digitize health records
The Indian Government has introduced the Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) as part of its national healthcare scheme, aiming to digitize health records with unique account numbers and to enhance fund accessibility, medical transparency and easy upkeep of medical records. ABHA will be used by government hospitals, however, private hospitals will have the option to use ABHA for the creation and linking of health records making it non-binding at present.
Source: bit.ly/49nSHsM

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TOP 5 HEALTH LAWS AND POLICY UPDATES

Dear Reader, We are happy to share the most interesting legal and policy updates concerning health industry that we read today. We hope you enjoy reading it.

No significant hike in prices of essential medicines: Indian Government
India’s Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has issued a clarification in response to reports about the significant increase in medicine prices by an increase in the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) of 0.00551% for the FY 2023-2024. It has been clarified that the increase is a miniscule increase and will not have any substantial increase in the prices of medicines. WPI increase is the maximum increase permissible and the manufacturers may or may not avail this increase in price for the medicines.
Source: bit.ly/43I1OmR

Foreign medical graduates should receive same internship stipend as medical graduates who have completed education in India: Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of India has directed medical colleges to treat foreign medical graduates on par with Indian medical graduates in terms of stipends paid by the medical colleges during internship, on grounds of fairness and equity. The Court has also warned medical colleges of strict action if they discriminate against foreign medical graduates.
Source: bit.ly/3J3gAuX

Digital database for organ donation to be rolled out soon by Indian Government
India’s National Health Authority (NHA) and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare are likely to roll out a National Digital Organ Donor Register which is aimed at building a comprehensive database of prospective organ donors to meet increasing demand for organ transplant and to regulate organ donation in the country. The digital register will reportedly maintain records of prospective donors and patients waiting for organ transplant in a confidential manner.
Source: bit.ly/3TGWrQh

Export of fresh fruit and vegetable to receive a boost from Indian Government
India’s Commerce Ministry is reportedly seeking to facilitate export of agricultural products, including fresh fruits and vegetables, to new markets such as US, European Union and African countries with an aim to double India’s agricultural exports, bring foreign exchange, and address the existing export-import imbalance due to ban on export of wheat and rice.
Source: bit.ly/43MOrSv

China relaxes regulations on Cross Border Data Transfer
The Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) has introduced revised cross-border data transfer regulations. The revised regulations have reportedly eased compliance burdens on companies, which should facilitate more cross-border flow of data.
Source: bit.ly/3PMdlvq

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TOP 5 HEALTH LAWS AND POLICY UPDATES

Dear Reader, We are happy to share the most interesting legal and policy updates concerning health industry that we read today. We hope you enjoy reading it.

E-Commerce websites instructed to avoid marketing Milk/ cereal/ malt based drinks as “Energy Drinks”
India’s Food Standards Regulator (the Food Safety Standards Authority of India) has issued an advisory to e-commerce websites, requiring them to ensure that proprietary foods, i.e. foods that are not categorized under the Food Standards Regulations, specifically those currently registered as analogues to milk/ cereal/ malt based beverage, should not be advertised as “Health Drink”/ “Energy Drink”, as only carbonated/ non-carbonated water-based flavoured drinks are regulated as “Health Drink” and “Energy Drink”.
Source: bit.ly/3xlfzvD

Drug Price Regulator may examine prevalent drug substitution and discounting prices offered by major drug retail stores in India
The Indian Central Drugs Regulator (CDSCO) has reportedly requested the Central Drugs Price Regulatory Body (NPPA) to investigate drug substitution and discounting practices of a major pharmacy chain on the basis a complaint raised by State Chemists and Druggists’ Association of the State of Karnataka (KCDA). In its complaint, the KCDA has alleged that the major pharmacy chain has been deliberately undercutting prices, sustained by substitution of prescribed drugs with other cheaper but identical formulations and unreasonably increasing its profit margins, which is currently violative of regulations applicable to pharmacists, as well as pricing norms of drugs.
Source: bit.ly/4cJSJOg

Vaccine manufacturers may have to provide manufacturing and sales data to government soon
The advisory body to India’s Central Drugs Regulator, the Drugs Consultative Committee, has requested various State-level Drug Licensing Authorities to ensure submission of details of the manufacture and sale of vaccines within the states to the Central Drugs regulator (Central Drugs Standards Control Organization), for the purpose of meeting obligation for the Global Benchmarking of Vaccines of the World Health Organization.
Source: bit.ly/3PJkAEw

Major Ayurvedic Medicine manufacturer may be on hook for contempt of court after Supreme Court rejects its apology for publishing misleading advertisements
In its ongoing proceedings against a major Ayurvedic medicine manufacturer for publication of misleading advertisements in contravention of undertaking given by it to the Supreme Court, the Court has refused to accept the apology which was tendered by the manufacturer, and rejected submissions of the manufacturer that: (1) The restriction on advertisement under the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954 is archaic and may be relaxed since the manufacturer now has scientific data to back its claims, and (2) that the manufacturer should not be held liable for an advertisement issued by an independent marketing department.
Source: bit.ly/4akJen5

Australia updates Medical Device Recall Procedure
The Australian Therapeutics Goods Administration, which regulates medical devices at the central level in the country, has published a revised version of the Uniform Recall Procedure for Therapeutic Goods (URPTG), which relaxes regulatory burden of importers and manufacturers of medical devices. The revised URPTG provides additional clarity on procedure for immediate recall, clarifying timing of release of recall information by the regulator, modifying Customer Response Forms, and eases the filing requirements under the law by making all templates for recall action publicly available on the website of regulator.
Source: bit.ly/3TAZJEo

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TOP 5 HEALTH LAWS AND POLICY UPDATES

Dear Reader, We are happy to share the most interesting legal and policy updates concerning health industry that we read today. We hope you enjoy reading it.

Supreme Court of India pulls up State Licensing Authority for failing to take action against misleading advertisements by leading ayurvedic manufacturer
India’s Central Ayush Ministry recently filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court of India to explain the steps it has taken against a leading manufacturer of Ayurvedic products after receiving several complaints against the manufacturer for making false and derogatory claims against modern medicine. The affidavit states that no action has been taken in the past two years by the State Licensing Authority, despite several orders from the Supreme Court, Right to Information (RTI’s), and directives from the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO). The Supreme Court has now asked the State Licensing Authority to issue its reply.
Source: bit.ly/4aDTxmc

Relaxation of penalties for certain offences involving drugs, medical devices and cosmetics to take effect from December 31, 2024
The Indian Government has decided to relax the penalties for offences relating to drugs, medical devices and cosmetics that are of the nature of violation of conditions of license or failure to label in the prescribed manner. These offences typically invited punishment of imprisonment and fine, but may now be compounded by the payment of a penalty both before or after institution of prosecution. The decision was notified under the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023. The Government has now notified the date of coming into effect of the relaxation as December 31, 2024.
Source: bit.ly/3U0yhS4
Source: bit.ly/3THGUjd

Major technology company admits to collecting information from private browsing, agrees to destroy data as part of the settlement
A major technology company, known for operating a popular internet search engine, has agreed to destroy billions of data records to settle a lawsuit. The suit claimed that the search engine company was secretly tracking the internet use of people who thought that they were browsing privately. Under the settlement, the search engine will update disclosures about what it collects in “private” browsing and will also let the users block third party cookies for five years.
Source: bit.ly/3vIwHL9

Industry demands that US FDA should give prior notice before conducting remote regulatory assessments
The US Food and Drug Administration’s (USFDA’s) revised guidance for conducting remote regulatory assessments (RRAs) has received comments from the industry. A clear demand from the industry is that the US FDA should provide advance notice for mandatory assessments and discuss observations before taking any regulatory action.
Source: bit.ly/3xieXXJ

Written patient consent required for sensitive examinations on anesthetized patients in US
The United States Department of Health and Human Services has recently released a new guidance as per which hospitals have to mandatorily obtain written informed consent from anesthetized patients for breast, pelvic, prostate, and rectal exams performed on them for educational and training purposes. If hospitals do not obtain the explicit consent and violate the patient privacy rights, they may become ineligible for participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, as well as become liable for fines and investigations.
Source: bit.ly/3U1M8aX

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TOP 5 HEALTH LAWS AND POLICY UPDATES

Dear Reader, We are happy to share the most interesting legal and policy updates concerning health industry that we read today. We hope you enjoy reading it.

Corporate hospitals may soon have to comply with advertisement norms applicable to doctors

India’s National Medical Commission (NMC), which regulates the conduct of medical practitioners (doctors), has endorsed the position that all hospitals should comply with the same standards of ethics as are applicable to doctors under the NMC Registered Medical Practitioner (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 2023. The operation of 2023 Regulations is currently under suspension.
Source: bit.ly/3vpJ7aV

High Court imposes damages of 244 crores in Standard Essential Patents case

India’s Delhi High Court has reportedly imposed damages amounting to INR 244 Crores on an Indian smartphone manufacturer. The Court found smartphone manufacturer guilty of infringing seven patents on 2G, EDGE, and 3G technology granted to a global telecom company. The order is expected to be out soon.
Source: bit.ly/3TxOXyI

Drug Manufacturers will have to upload all product details on Government portal soon

The Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC), a committee comprising State-level Drug Regulators, has recommended that the Central Drugs Regulator, Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), should set a deadline for manufacturers of drugs to upload list of drugs manufactured on an online portal called SUGAM.
Source: bit.ly/3TxP0uo

Ban on trade of ferocious dog breeds has been stayed in various States in India

India’s Kerala High Court, Karnataka High Court and Kolkata High Court has stayed a controversial circular of the Central Government which prohibited import, trading and selling of 23 breeds of dogs identified as ferocious in the circular. The circular also mandated sterilization of dogs from further breeding as pets. The circular has been challenged on the ground that it is unscientific, not based on evidence and has been issued without consultation with relevant stakeholders.
Source: bit.ly/3TVZcyi

European Medicines Agency urges sponsors of clinical trials to register on new portal before January 2025 deadline

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has strongly advised sponsors of clinical trials that have been approved before 31 January 2023 to submit application to move the clinical trials to the new Clinical Trials Information System (CTIS) as soon as possible, considering it will take EMA up to three months to review and authorize the application. As of now, only 20% of clinical trials have been moved to the new platform.
Source: bit.ly/3TZRzHl

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TOP 5 HEALTH LAWS AND POLICY UPDATES

Dear Reader, We are happy to share the most interesting legal and policy updates concerning health industry that we read today. We hope you enjoy reading it.

Criminal prosecution for drug related offences can start only on the basis of a drug inspector’s complaint: Supreme Court
India’s Supreme Court has confirmed that only a drug inspector, and not the police, is authorized to file a First Information Report (FIR) or a complaint for offence related to drugs under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
Source: bit.ly/3PGkEVL

Drug prices may increase slightly due to increase in Wholesale Price Index
India’s drug price regulator, the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority of India, has communicated to the pharmaceutical industry that annual change in the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in 2023 compared to 2022 was (+)0.00551%. Accordingly, manufacturers of drugs whose price are capped may increase their price by (+)0.00551% in the month of April without government approval.
Source: bit.ly/3xgzbRC

Drug labels may have to mention excipients which cause hypersensitivity soon
India’s top drug policy advisory body, the Drugs Advisory Board (DTAB), has directed India’s Central Drug Regulator, The Central Drugs Standards Control Organization, to prepare a list of excipients that cause hypersensitivity, with the intent that such excipients should be disclosed label of medicine. Other excipients will not have to be mentioned on the labels of medicine. Currently, the law does not require manufacturers to include to disclose information about excipients on the label of drugs.
Source: bit.ly/43E3M7D
Source: bit.ly/3vv1j2N

India low on Biopharma Innovation: Leading Industry Analyst
A leading industry analyst firm has written an open letter to Prime Minister of India that India seems to be ceding ground to its Asian peers in biopharma innovation and manufacturing. The firm has highlighted that India needs to encourage investment in biopharma manufacturing capacity, increase public health expenditure, and extend insurance coverage for the novel drugs, in order to promote innovation in biopharma space.
Source: bit.ly/3PHcD2N

High time to implement essential diagnostic guidelines to standardize diagnostic practices: Expert
Healthcare industry expert in India has emphasized the urgent need for the implementation of national essential diagnostic guidelines to standardize practices, improve patient care, streamline diagnostic processes, guide clinical decision-making, optimize resource utilization, and reduce healthcare disparities across India. In 2019, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) had issued the National Essential Diagnostic List (NEDL) to ensure consistency and quality in diagnostic procedures.
Source: bit.ly/3vyESd5

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TOP 5 HEALTH LAWS AND POLICY UPDATES

Dear Reader, We are happy to share the most interesting legal and policy updates concerning health industry that we read today. We hope you enjoy reading it.

All manufacturers, importers and brand owners of products using plastic packaging must register by 31st March 2024 with Pollution Control Board

India’s Pollution Control Board has given a final opportunity to manufacturers, importers and brand owners of products which use plastic packaging, to register with appropriate Pollution Control Board under provisions of Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016. Such entities are required to register and discharge Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) by buying EPR Credits from registered recyclers of plastic packaging waste.

Source: bit.ly/3PGd79b

 Central Consumer watchdog and Industry Regulators of Advertisements enter into collaboration to curb misleading advertisements

India’s Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) has announced a collaboration with the industry’s self-regulatory advertisement body called Advertisements Standards Council of India (ASCI). Under the collaboration, ASCI will forward details of advertisement found to be in breach of its own misleading advertisement guidelines to the CCPA since such advertisements may also be violative of the law on misleading advertisement in India.

Source: bit.ly/3Q1U3CL

Imported devices containing foreign embedded SIM for use in M2M communication have to mandatorily shift to services provided by Indian telecom providers within six months

India’s telecommunication regulator, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), has issued specifications and licensure requirements for the implementation of use of embedded Sim technology in Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, which is seeing more and more use for remote diagnosis and monitoring in healthcare sector, since launch of 5g sim technology in the country. All communication profiles on any M2M eSIM fitted in an imported device on international roaming in India should be mandatorily converted/reconfigured into communication profiles of Indian telecom service providers (TSPs) within a period of six months from the date of activation of international roaming on such M2M e-SIM or on change of ownership of the device, whichever is earlier.

Source: bit.ly/4cyHEPZ

US FDA’s scientific authority to regulate drugs under challenge

A suit before the United States Supreme Court is challenging the decision of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2016 to expand scope of prescription of Mifepristone 2000, a drug that is commonly used to carry out medicated abortion procedures, and permit its prescription via telemedicine. Ex-Commissioners of US FDA have expressed concern that a decision in favour of the petitioners may lead to an environment of uncertainty where any US FDA approval granted to a drug could be challenged in future on scientific grounds even if it was approved by the US FDA.

Source: bit.ly/49dk4p2 

New reserve sample retention quantity requirements for BA and BE studies in US

The United States Federal Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has published the final version of a guidance document that prescribes new reserve sample retention requirements for Bioavailability (BA) and Bioequivalence (BE) Studies. In the Guidance Document, US FDA has prescribed retention of 30 Single Dose, and 3 Multi Dose samples (with at least 1 unit in original container) across all sites carrying out In-Vivo studies, and 30 Single Dose, and 3 Multi Dose samples in original container for In-Vitro studies.

Source: bit.ly/3xeLrC7  

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Dear Reader, We are happy to share the most interesting legal and policy updates concerning health industry that we read today. We hope you enjoy reading it.

Good Distribution Practices may be implemented in India for pharmaceutical products soon
India’s Drugs Consultative Committee (DCC) has recommended that draft of revised Good Distribution Practices (GDP) guidelines for pharmaceutical products should be made mandatory soon. The DCC is of the view that there is a gap in the law which requires owners of premises such as warehouses to ensure appropriate storage condition for drugs, but no such requirement exists for transporters who transport the drugs, and this affects the quality of drugs.
Source: bit.ly/49cMPCk

TB vaccine clinical trials begins in India
A Hyderabad based biotechnology company has started Phase 3 clinical trials of tuberculosis (TB) vaccine called MTBVAC among the adults in India. The vaccine is the first live attenuated vaccine of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from human strain, unlike the BCG vaccine.
Source: bit.ly/495Zuak

Medical and Sales Representatives’ body says new Pharma Marketing Code lacks teeth
The Federation of Medical and Sales Representatives’ Associations of India (FMRAI) has criticized the newly notified Uniform Code for Pharmaceuticals Marketing Practices (UCPMP), describing it as a futile effort. It stated that the new code lacks statutory enforcement and contains no explicit penal provisions against unethical marketing by pharmaceutical and medical device companies.
Source: bit.ly/495ZAic

Fire safety in hospitals should be evaluated by Government before Summer Season: Disaster Management Body
India’s Union Health Ministry and National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) have jointly issued an advisory to all States and Union Territories (UT’s) to take proactive measures to check fire safety compliance of all hospitals before the incoming summer season.
Source: bit.ly/4akq9Bg

No change in surrender value norms for life insurance policies: Insurance Regulator
The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) has decided to retain the current surrender value requirements for life insurance policies due to concerns over higher surrender value expressed by the industry. Surrender value in life insurance is an amount paid by the insurer to the policyholder when the policy is terminated prior to the policy’s maturity date.
Source: bit.ly/43zOkcL

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TOP 5 HEALTH LAWS AND POLICY UPDATES

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Panel of auditors to audit the promotional expenses of pharma and medical device companies will be appointed soon: Government
The Secretary, Department of Pharmaceuticals, has reportedly said that the government will appoint a panel of auditors who can undertake risk-based audits from time to time, to evaluate whether the promotional expenses, especially towards conferences and workshops, have been incurred in an ethical manner as per the Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices 2024. Any discrepancy will be reported to the appropriate government agency or authority.
Source: bit.ly/49SNs5f

Industry welcomes the new Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices
The pharmaceutical industry has reportedly welcomed the new Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP). According to news reports, the industry feels that the new code is a step ahead towards the advancement of the industry as it ensures ethical and healthy engagement between the pharmaceutical industry and medical professionals.
Source: bit.ly/4a6SZWd

Nutraceutical and food supplement regulations are to be tightened further
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is in the process of tightening the regulations for nutraceuticals and health supplements. This move was prompted by the receipt of several complaints by the FSSAI about the presence of non-compliant health supplements on the market and the fact that the over-the-counter availability of nutraceuticals and health supplements is resulting in people consuming supplements along with drugs, which increases the risk of adverse effects.
Source: bit.ly/3wXMsOU

A major e-commerce entity was fined Rs 25 lakh due to its inaction to remove counterfeit products from the marketplace
A State Consumer Commission in India has imposed a fine of Rs. 25 lakhs on a major e-commerce entity on the grounds that the e-commerce entity failed to correct the listing of a product, which it was aware was a counterfeit product. By failing to remove the listing, the Commission held that the e-commerce entity had engaged in dark patterns and unjust enrichment.
Source: bit.ly/3IBUsaH

EU to extend regulatory data protection for innovator drugs to 7.5 years
The European Union is set to extend regulatory data protection for innovator drugs to 7.5 years, with one extra year of incentives if the drug meets an unmet medical need and clinical trials are conducted in the EU. There is a proposal to grant an additional 3 years of protection from generics, taking the total protection to a maximum of 11.5 years.
Source: bit.ly/3IxEIWl

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TOP 5 HEALTH LAWS AND POLICY UPDATES

Dear Reader, We are happy to share the most interesting legal and policy updates concerning health industry that we read today. We hope you enjoy reading it.

Scientific works are not protected under India’s Copyright Law: High Court
India’s High Court of Andhra Pradesh has held that India’s copyright law only protects original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works. It does not protect scientific works, as covered under books of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology used by Students. The Court clarified that mathematical equations and science subjects do not qualify as ‘original works’ because they are the matter of fact and nature.
Source: bit.ly/432GSqc

All rare disease drugs imported into India will be exempted from requirement to pay customs duty: High Court
India’s Delhi High Court has issued an order exempting drugs and medicines used in therapy for rare diseases from requirement of payment of customs duty. Prior to the order, the exemptions from payment of customs duty was limited to drugs used for treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) or Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Earlier the Court had directed the National Rare Diseases Committee to hold deliberations with manufacturing and marketing companies to explore the possibility of procuring the medicines at a reasonable price.
Source: bit.ly/3T1H2JN

Flow of counterfeit products into Indian market to be checked through a new surveillance system
India’s Ministry of Consumer Affairs is planning to develop a new surveillance system to identify counterfeit products sold in the retail market. The Ministry proposes to collect samples soon after they enter the retail market and test them under new laboratories which will be set-up specifically for the purposes.
Source: bit.ly/3T5EKta

Online gaming guidelines to prevent compulsive gaming in India to be published
India’s Department of Consumer Affairs (DoCA) is planning to commission a research on the disruptive impulse control behavioural patterns of digital consumption that may cause vulnerabilities. The initial part of the research will be focused on online gaming addiction. The research would later be expanded to identify the underlying factors of excessive consumption of online content. The findings of the research would be used to provide policy inputs for framing of the Guidelines for protecting the interests of the consumers.
Source: bit.ly/3T1hXPb

US BioSecure Act to impact Indian biotechnology companies providing services or manufacturing products for US market
The BIOSECURE Act which has been introduced in the US House of Representatives prohibits US federal agencies from entering into contract with any entity that uses biotechnology equipment or services from a biotechnology company of concern to perform a federal contract. Some Chinese companies have been identified as biotechnology company of concern, and the list may be expanded to include companies from Russia, Iran and North Korea as well.
Source: bit.ly/3V5yQeq